On March 13, 1741, in Vienna, Austria, Habsburg heir Joseph (baptized as Joseph Benedict Augustus Johann Anton Michael Adam) was born. Joseph II. This stretched the empire's resources and also opened the door for more unrest. Wählen Sie aus erstklassigen Inhalten zum Thema Joseph Ii Of Austria … stuff about joesph II of austria. Beginning in the 13th century with the nearly 650 year rule of the powerful … Joseph II developed an idealism bordering on fanaticism for the common weal of his subjects, but often chose the wrong means to implement his reforms. In 1765 Joseph's father, who had with his wife's backing been elected Holy Roman emperor in 1742, died. Fo… He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. As a boy, he had toured the countryside with his mother, and been affected by the conditions in which the peasants lived. Joseph signed an alliance giving her a free hand for her far-reaching plans and the conquest of Constantinople and the Dardanelles and assuring Austria of substantial territorial gains. He ordered the abolition of serfdom; by the Edict of Toleration he established religious equality before the law, and he granted freedom of the press. On February 20, 1790, when he was 48 years old, Joseph passed away in Vienna. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette. For the University of Vienna, no longer under the influence of the church, Joseph tried to find the best scholars and scientists. Joseph II, (born March 13, 1741, Vienna, Austria—died Feb. 20, 1790, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765–80), and then sole ruler (1780–90) of the Austrian Habsburg dominions. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. Joseph II created a collection of reforms known as Josephinism during his reign between 1780 through 1790. © 2020 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. Download royalty-free Statue of Emperor Joseph II Hofburg Palace Vienna Austria stock photo 169064540 from Depositphotos collection of millions of premium high-resolution stock photos, vector images and illustrations. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Interrogator from The Carol Burnett Show (full sketch) - Duration: 12:52. But Maria Theresa objected to the idea of religious tolerance and refused to institute reforms that Joseph, a disciple of the Enlightenment, desperately wanted. The Carol Burnett Show Official Recommended for you Revolutionary unrest in the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary grew in the belief that preoccupation with the war would prevent the Emperor from taking on the revolutionaries as well. Joseph II. Deriving its name from the Old High German term "Ostarrichi" first recorded in 996 by Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, the small, landlocked nation of Austria has long been an influential player in the political and military sagas of Europe. Joseph's reforms convinced people in the Austrian Netherlands that their historical privileges were not being respected. As a boy, he had toured the countryside with his mother, and been affected by the conditions in which the peasants lived. a new type of monarchy that emerged in the late eighteenth century; monarch such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria followed the advice of the philosophes & ruled by enlightened principles, establishing a path to modern nationhood Joseph II of hasburg-lothringen was considered as one of the enlightened monarchs in europe together with King Friedrich II of Prussia and Empress Catherine of Russia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Jesus is a religious leader whose life and teachings are recorded in the Bible’s New Testament. In foreign matters, Joseph's attempt to exchange part of the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was undermined by Frederick II of Prussia. Joseph II succeeded his father Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor in 1765, ruling Austria jointly with … 20, 1790. During his reign, Joseph put forth an average of 690 decrees a year. Unlike Frederick, he was not greatly skilled at warfare, but like Frederick, he did care deeply about his people. Yet, despite careful preparations, the organization of this large army was weak. Prince Joseph, future Emperor Joseph II of Austria as a child, 18th century. At that time the southern Italian kingdom of Naples and Sicily was ruled by a collateral line of the Bourbons. Joseph had been married twice, but had lost both wives to smallpox, and had no living children. His mother now granted him the title of coregent, but it soon became clear that it too was an empty one. Joseph II Birth Date March 13, 1741 Death Date February 20, 1790 Place of Birth Vienna, Austria Place of Death Vienna, Austria AKA Holy Roman emperor Joseph II Joseph II Full Name Some measures intended to forestall a relapse into monasticism, such as the foundation of new parishes, bore good results. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Joseph II(1741-1790): Holy Roman Emperor. But Joseph left Prussia out of his calculations. While it is true that the policy of the emperor Joseph II, as ruler of the Austrian Monarchy in the 1780s, has often been described, certain of its aspects have still not been adequately covered. The banquets given in his honour in Paris could not conceal the truth from him: France was headed for catastrophe. After her death in 1780, Joseph tried to finish her work of reform. After his mother’s death, Joseph had involved himself fruitlessly in 1784 in an attempt to force the Dutch to lift their blockade to secure a passage to the sea for the Austrian Netherlands. Joseph died believing that his reforms had weakened his empire instead of strengthening it. Trouvez les Joseph Ii Of Austria images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. He was the eldest son of Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I and thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II tried to strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms, but the changes he made were met with fierce opposition. Generally, he is presented as the representative enlightened absolutist—that is to say, the most typical of those 18th-century monarchs who applied the principles of the philosophical movement known as the Enlightenment to the problems of government and society. Both publicly and secretly Catherine proposed a complete sharing of power in the east and southeast. Joseph had been raised to believe that, as royalty, he was smarter and better than anyone else. Joseph’s passionate zeal to change everything and to force a new form of life on his subjects met with embittered resistance, chiefly in such strongly traditional countries as the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary. By 1790, Joseph faced numerous problems in his empire, including a loss of control in the Austrian Netherlands. Under Maria Theresa the physician Gerard van Swieten had organized a public health service, and in Joseph’s time the General Hospital in Vienna was considered one of the best equipped in Europe. Unfortunately for them, in his mind that meant telling them how to do everything! When Maria Theresa appointed him to the Council of State, he exhibited unusual intelligence and an intense interest in politics. However, his support for ideals like religious tolerance led to lasting changes in Europe, and he paved the way for the complete abolition of feudalism in 1848. The scheme of allying the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties had its attractions. Austria is a land of lakes, many of them a legacy of the Pleistocene Epoch (i.e., about 2,600,000 to about 11,700 years ago), during which glacial erosion scooped out mountain lakes in the central Alpine district, notably around the Salzkammergut. He loved his subjects and was willing to do anything for them. Chief Joseph was a Nez Perce chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada. He obtained a considerable increase of territory in the First Partition of Poland (1773), and concluded a defensive alliance with Russia , which led to great schemes for a … Joseph had been raised to believe that, as royalty, he was smarter and better than anyone else. However, Maria Theresa, devastated after her husband’s deat… Deeply disappointed, Joseph now saw his only hope in Catherine. Future Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II became co-regent with his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1765, and sole ruler in 1780. Alexander the Great served as king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. Beginning in the 13th century with the nearly 650 year rule of the powerful … His Russian visit gave him the impression of a state retarded in its development compared with the West, but the loyalty of its enormous population to Catherine and her nearly unlimited power seemed to make her the best ally for political manoeuvres in Europe. Joseph II ruled Austria from 1780 through 1790. Joseph spent several months with his army; but both his illness and the domestic crisis made progress dangerous, and he had to return to Vienna before a victory could be won. In 1765 he married Maria Josepha of Bavaria, who in 1767 also died of smallpox. Updates? "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. Austria was more successful than France in meeting regular expenditures and in gaining credit. To counter Prussia's strength, Joseph forged an alliance with Catherine II of Russia, which brought the empire into a conflict in Turkey. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? However, the events of Joseph II's last years also suggest that the government was financially vulnerable to the European wars that ensued after 1792. His mother, Maria Theresa, was the ruler of the Habsburg empire. Author of. Frederick II managed to block the scheme once more, this time by representing himself as the leader of the League of German Princes, dedicated to the maintenance of the status quo. In foreign policy, Joseph had obtained some success even as co-regent with his mother. The War of the Austrian Succession began with the death of Maria Theresa’s father, Emperor Charles VI, in October 1740. Emperor Joseph II of Austria (1740-90) Although Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria, was perhaps the best-intentioned of all enlightened despots, he was less than successful as a ruler.The son of Francis I and Maria Theresa, who was the great matriarch of the Hapsburg dynasty and with whom he ruled jointly, Joseph II became sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in 1780 after the death of his mother. An “enlightened despot,” he sought to introduce administrative, legal, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms—with only measured success. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, served as empress of Russia for more than three decades in the late 18th century after overthrowing her husband, Peter III. It was a lonely death. Kaiser Wilhelm served as emperor of Germany from 1888 until the end of World War I. Jelly Roll Morton was an American pianist and songwriter best known for influencing the formation of modern day jazz during the 1920s. Joseph de Lorraine, en tant qu'empereur des Romains, Joseph II1 (Vienne, 13 mars 1741 Vienne, 20 février 1790), fils aîné de François de Lorraine, grand-duc de Toscane puis empereur des Romains2, et de Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, il succéda à son père comme empereur des Romains en 1765 et devint alors corégent des possessions héréditaires des Habsbourg ; il hérita de celles-ci en 1780 à la mort de sa mère, l'impératrice Marie-Thérè… Joseph II - Joseph II - Legacy: Joseph and his reign have generated much discussion among historians. His brother, Leopold, who was to be Joseph's successor, did not visit his bedside. ‎Joseph II of Austria was a complicated man. Joseph II is plowing the field near Slawikowitz in rural southern Moravia on 19 August 1769. Joseph II developed an idealism bordering on fanaticism for the common weal of his subjects, but often chose the wrong means to implement his reforms. The emancipation of the Jews within a short time endowed cultural life with new vitality. The monarchy’s finances were balanced. Joseph Hickel, Joseph II, 1741-1790, Archduke of Austria King of Austria German-Roman Emperor, painting, 1773, oil on canvas, Framed, Height, 134 cm (52.7 inches), Width, 97.5 cm (38.3 inches, Depth, 9 cm (3.5 inches), Signed, Total of Jos, Hickel in Vienna 1773, Reimagined by Gibon, design of warm cheerful glowing of brightness and light rays radiance. He loved his subjects and was willing to do anything for them. Even peasants were often more concerned with the taxes that the empire demanded than with their new freedoms. His father, Francis I, held the title of Holy Roman emperor. Although Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria, was perhaps the best-intentioned of all enlightened despots, he was less than successful as a ruler.The son of Francis I and Maria Theresa, who was the great matriarch of the Hapsburg dynasty and with whom he ruled jointly, Joseph II became sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in 1780 after the death of his mother. The Emperor’s impatience in turning the monks out of the monasteries, however, caused many works of art to be destroyed. Hungarian nobles tried to reject Joseph's decrees on the grounds that he had not gone through an official coronation there. In 1765, after his father died, Joseph became Joseph II, Holy Roman emperor. He believe… Many of his measures were experienced as tyranny by those whose welfare they were intended to improve. To obtain a personal view of the situation in eastern and western Europe, Joseph visited France, where he was enthusiastically received by the intellectual elite, and then also visited Catherine of Russia. Though he was in bad health, he decided to visit her again; the Austrian Netherlanders and Hungarians, enraged at his reforms, resisted the move. The first enquiry in respect of the crown prince’s marriage came from Naples when Joseph was just twelve years old. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. Joseph wanted to change the way education and economics were viewed in the Habsburg Empire. Many of his measures were experienced as tyranny by those whose welfare they were intended to improve. Joseph was duly elected to succeed him in that dignity. During his time in power, Joseph issued decrees that promoted equality and education, but the speed and scope of his reforms led to problems for him and his empire. Joseph I (Joseph Jacob Ignaz Johann Anton Eustachius; 26 July 1678 – 17 April 1711) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1705 until his death in 1711. When Catherine declared war on Turkey sooner than expected, Joseph raised an army of 250,000 men. Choisissez parmi des contenus premium Joseph Ii Of Austria de la plus haute qualité. However, Joseph's main aim was to make the empire more efficient and financially secure. Joseph’s conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, however, posed more difficult problems. His mother made some changes that Joseph supported, such as an expansion of elementary education in the 1770s. Following Maria Theresa's death in 1780, Joseph II reigned in his own right until his death in 1790. The artistic life of Vienna rose to new heights when the Burgtheater became the German National Theater. One of the "Enlightened Despots" of the 18th century, Joseph aspired to increase the power and efficiency of the state by placing all subjects of the realm, including the Church and the feudal nobility, under benevolent monarchical rule. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.