The Defender Europe-20 exercise had just begun, in Western media when many of its activities. DEFENDER-Europe 20 was designed as a deployment exercise to build strategic readiness in support of the U.S. National Defense Strategy and NATO deterrence objectives. DEFENDER-Europe 20 wird in Europa also deutlich sichtbar sein. The announcement of the Defender-Europe 2020 gave the world, but especially Russia, a new and strange perspective on the future of international security. It is the first big test of Allies’ ability to support large-scale movement across the Atlantic and mainland Europe in recent years. To give an idea, this is the third-largest military exercise in Europe since the Cold War. What is the capacity of the road and rail infrastructure? Despite uncertainty about Trump’s policy toward both NATO and Russia, military exercises are a vital means to gauge the extent of any defense commitment, such as that of the US to NATO’s self-defense clause, Article 5. The NATO "Defender Europe-2020" maneuvers were supposed to be the largest military exercises in Europe over the last 25 years – and this is not an exaggeration. Diverse civilian and military actors have worked closely together to enable the unimpeded deployment of forces by air, sea, road and rail. Everything about the Defender exudes quiet confidence, from its purposeful stance to its reductive, sophisticated surfaces. We will need to look carefully at what our response to COVID-19 says about our enabled environment. About DEFENDER-Europe 20. Poland has also actively and ambitiously developed its infrastructure to accommodate an increased US military presence such as Defender Europe-20 and further similar exercises. For example, Allies are busy testing and improving tunnel access and bridge strengths for road convoys and rail movement. Some 30 years after the last REFORGER, the new security environment is more unpredictable, and so our planning has had to become more flexible and immediately responsive. In the past, the infrastructure that was important to the military – such as railways, ports, airfields, national energy grids and hospitals – was mainly state-owned and consequently could easily be made available to the military. © NATO, Most satellites serve multiple civilian, commercial or security functions. How much weight can vital bridges carry, are they strong enough to support a heavily armored brigade crossing from the opposite side of the river? The large military exercise dubbed as the Defender Europe 2020 will be held in Europe next year. The United States had even planned to practice “. Strong and resilient nations maintain the capacity to support themselves in a crisis and, in addition, support a high level of mobility of military personnel and equipment. When considering the significance of Defender-Europe 20 to NATO, it is important for context to understand how we operated during the Cold War. NATO conducted Exercise Campaign Reforger (. As Allied governments have realised the need to return to high-profile, large-scale military activities on their sovereign soil, exercises of the scale of Defender-Europe 20 should be viewed as normal for our citizens. Between January and March 2020, US Army Europe deployed approximately 6,000 military personnel from the United States to Europe. Although the exercise as planned will not occur, what we do know about it can already tell us much about the US commitment to Baltic defense, as well as the defense policy dilemma which continues to afflict NATO in the Baltic Sea region. It has been vitally informative across many military and civil support functions, and lessons we have identified and are learning from the movement of the forces that arrived in Europe as part of this exercise will feed into NATO’s ongoing enablement efforts. This US-led multinational exercise is the biggest test of NATO Allies’ ability to support large-scale movement of forces across the Atlantic and mainland Europe in recent years. 20,000 soldiers will deploy from the U.S. mainland, the equivalent of a heavy division, according to Brig. Military operations rely not just on local infrastructure, but also on an. The U.S. European Command's participation in Defender-Europe 20 will be curtailed, the command announced Monday, altering plans for 20,000 U.S. … ‘Defender Europe 2020’ was supposed to be the largest NATO exercise in 25 years, encompassing smaller exercises that were scheduled to take place in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia starting in April and continuing into May. We must provide effective command and control to coordinate military deployments, while ensuring close coordination and cooperation with civil authorities, including law enforcement and emergency responders. In this respect, we have to bear in mind that border-crossing arrangements need to support the rapid movement of forces of many different nations. A whole suite of linked exercises have also been scrubbed along with Defender Europe-20, including Dynamic Front, Saber Strike, and Swift Response. The robust host nation support that reinforcing Allies are relying upon for this exercise, such as that provided by Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, is a model we can follow for the future. As a result, enablement constitutes a credible deterrence tool. Allies’ resilience is an important dimension of Exercise Defender-Europe 20 and is why interoperability between armed forces and the civil sector is so important. This will inform our thinking about the importance to the Alliance of, among other things, resilient supply chains, robust logistics, assured access to critical infrastructure and strengthened civil-military interaction. DEFENDER-Europe 20 “Exercise DEFENDER-Europe 20 is a U.S.-led multinational exercise, including NATO's participation. ” air assault exercises with the 82nd Airborne division as part of Defender Europe-20. Vehicles of the U.S. Army and the German Federal Armed Forces are parked on a loading area during the Defender-Europe 20 exercise Feb. 12, 2020, in Bergen, Germany. But in the last decades, the ownership of state infrastructure began to shift steadily into the hands of the private sector, which therefore began to play a much more crucial role in crisis management. In response to the complex and rapidly evolving security environment with challenges from the east and south of NATO’s borders, in Warsaw in 2016 Allied leaders pledged to strengthen resilience, reaffirming that civil preparedness is a national responsibility and acknowledging its relationship with reinforcement. Although USAREUR had been practicing and demonstrating the ability to deploy and rotate brigades on a continental scale over the past few years, relocating an entire division involves a substantially higher level of difficulty and marks a major distinction from US military operations in Iraq, which have been only brigade size. Since the 1993 demise of Reforger, NATO generally and the US Army Europe more specifically have gradually lost not just that institutional knowledge, but in some cases even the logistical capability actually to make similar deployments. opinion, analysis and debate on security issues, U.S. European Command remains ready and responsive during the pandemic, VOSTOK 2018: Ten years of Russian strategic exercises and warfare preparation, Exercise Defender-Europe 20: enablement and resilience in action. . If it cannot cross easily, that affects the conduct of subsequent operations. Getting the ground ready for such deployments means being prepared and flexible to be able to exercise the logistics effectively. So overall, despite the fact that it was modified as a result of COVID-19, the US-led exercise Defender-Europe 20 is strategically significant to NATO. www.fpri.org Copyright © 2000–2020. The views expressed are their own. Many of the planned activities and troop activities were halted, though some exercises were modified in size and scope. In coordination with Allies and partners, US Army Europe also moved soldiers and equipment from multiple European ports and airports to training areas in Germany and Poland. that has continued to confront NATO since at least 2014. (photo by Henri Cambier) A key objective for the inaugural DEFENDER-Europe 2020 exercise (DEF-EUR 20) was the issue, use, and turn-in of Army prepositioned stock (APS) equipment as part of exercising dynamic force employment of a combat-credible force. Due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, US Army Europe took a prudent decision to modify Exercise Defender-Europe 20 in size and scope to protect forces and local populations. Defender Europe-20, as the largest deployment exercise of US forces to Europe since Reforger, would have represented a major attempt to regain the institutional knowledge of how to conduct such deployments in Europe, as well as to test the local infrastructure. Unter den 37.000 Soldatinnen und Soldaten werden über 20.000 sein, die aus Kontinental-Amerika mitsamt Material und Fahrzeugen in West-Europa ankommen und danach durch 10 Länder gen Osten fahren. Practice will never make response options perfect but events such as these go a long way to proving that we can do what we need to do in a timely way. If the logistical capacity to deploy and employ force is nonexistent, the threat to employ that force cannot, by definition, be credible, and no adversary would need to allow itself to be deterred. The requirement for a balance between organic military capabilities and contracted support has been prominent in recent large-scale, high-visibility Allied and NATO exercises, and will be an important area of practice going forward. Enablement means Allies are able to maintain high levels of preparedness and to put in place the arrangements and infrastructure required to move units, as rapidly as possible, to wherever needed. © NATO. or rolled back due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Defender Europe 2020 is an exercise of strategic defense and its objective is to counter a ‘Russian invasion.’ Since there is no indication that Moscow would ever seek to invade Europe, it’s clear that these exercises are anti-Russian in nature, and are yet another planned provocation against Russia. The US, with NATO, routinely conducts military exercises all over Europe, especially since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 — exercises, as destabilizing. For example, the Belgian Army and Navy has provided security, refuelling facilities and driver rest accommodation in a Temporary Military Village built in the dock complex in the port of Antwerp. Likewise, deploying military forces relies heavily on civil resources, such as communications, energy, transport, food, water and medical resources. , particularly cyber activities directed at Russia — mostly by encouraging the Department of Defense to minimize disclosure of operational details. Creating the necessary conditions and providing the required support for an exercise like Defender-Europe 20 is clearly a much broader challenge and task than just military logistics, and goes well beyond just the military domain. The 504th CSC deployed to Poland in support of DEFENDER-Europe 20. Citing NATO’s concentration of military power in the region, in 2020 it plans to, deploy an entire motorized infantry division. The addition of an entire division to the forces already there would significantly increase Russian military capabilities in the exclave and would give Russian forces in the exclave the possibility of conducting independent military operations without requiring further reinforcements from Russia. Current estimates indicate that private companies transport around 90 per cent of NATO supplies and equipment and provide about 75 per cent of host nation support. Back then, we were particularly good at rapidly moving large numbers of troops and their equipment. The largest deployment of U.S.-based forces to Europe for an exercise in the more than 25 years exercise DEFENDER-Europe 20 is the deployment of a division-size combat-credible force from the United States to Europe, the drawing of equipment and the movement of personnel and equipment across the theater to various training areas. To prove that NATO’s strategy and concepts worked, and to maintain visibility, Allied forces regularly exercised reinforcement. Germany was to be the This is a civil-military team effort and requires the cooperation of diverse actors across a range of fields, including the engagement of the commercial sector, which provides significant capacity, including lift capabilities and infrastructure. The ability of Allies to resist an armed attack will be heavily dependent on the state of their civil infrastructure and the availability of civil resources. The dilemma is: to act to reinforce or be able to reinforce the Baltic in case of war and thus provoke some unwanted Russian reaction that falls beyond the scope of what NATO expects in a deterrence relationship, or not to do so, and gamble, entirely on Russia’s forbearance in the Baltic Sea region, the credibility of NATO as a fully defensive military alliance. WASHINGTON — The Defender 2020 in Europe is set to be the third-largest military exercise on the continent since the Cold War, according to Lt. Gen. Chris Cavoli, the U.S. Army Europe … It is scheduled to run from April to July with operations occurring throughout parts of … to its Kaliningrad exclave, even though NATO’s military strength in the region remains inferior to that of Russia. NATO nations have undertaken a wide range of measures to accelerate the movement of their forces and equipment. The drills seem to be the largest military exercises in Europe in 25 years. Nowadays, all Allies recognise the interdependence of the military and private sector. The flipside of these preparations is the. How long would it take for a European country to fold once power, water, telecoms, fuel, banking and supermarket distribution systems were comprehensively disrupted? Defender-Europe 20 is the largest military deployment to Europe in 25 years, military officials say. Prior to this, in Kaliningrad, Russia had previously only deployed three maneuver brigades with a number of artillery brigades in support, commanded by a corps headquarters. from Vilnius to the Pabrade training area in eastern Lithuania, a spur of the existing railway line from Vilnius to Latvia, with the intention of completing it in time for the exercises. Defender-Europe 20’s mission to train the ability to move large number of troops and equipment across the Atlantic and across Europe is important to the Alliance because it tests essential procedures and skillsets while demonstrating unified purpose. Although NATO seems to have definitively and rightly decided in favor of the former horn of the dilemma over the latter, Russia has already begun to respond to Defender Europe-20. In response to the COVID-19, DEFENDER-Europe 20 was modified in size and scope in March when movement from the U.S. to Europe was stopped and some linked exercises were cancelled. In particular, the exercise is demonstrating Allies’ ability to provide support across multiple ministries in a whole-of-government approach, and tested arrangements to work closely with the commercial sector. 21 European model shown. Much was and is being learned, and there is always room to improve. It has been suggested that logistics are the. This indicates that US Army thinking now encompasses the hypothetical prospect of fighting return into the Baltic countries. Much has already been written about Trump’s policies — or at least his political statements — which have preoccupied NATO’s European constituents for the past three years. This excitement marks the beginning of “Defender Europe 2020”, the largest military exercises to be staged in Europe in over 25 years. In fact, COVID-19 demonstrated the vital role that our armed forces can play in support of civilian efforts in a health crisis, not just in a military one – from airlifting medical supplies and patients to setting up field hospitals and providing disinfection and decontamination teams. Due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, US Army Europe took a prudent decision to modify Exercise Defender-Europe 20 in size and scope to protect forces and local populations. Strategists will … Lessons learned will further strengthen Allied readiness and resilience in a challenging security environment. January 21, 2020 Army begins movement for Defender-Europe 20 exercise December 12, 2019 Army extends housing surveys till Dec. 20 December 5, … Military Exercise Defender Europe-20 was Rolled Back: What Does It Mean for the Baltic States? DEFENDER-Europe 20 was set to be the biggest deployment for an exercise in 25 years, with 20,000 soldiers deploying from the U.S. and training with 17,000 allies. Work is underway in a number of areas, including: Legislative measures and diplomatic clearances to enable rapid crossing of borders, on land, in the air, and at sea; Effective command, control and communication; A British Army convoy crosses the Øresund Bridge, which connects Denmark and Sweden, during a 2,000-km journey from the Hook of Holland to Norway for NATO exercise Trident Juncture 2018. The ongoing work to ensure Allies can support large-scale, rapid movement of troops and equipment is known in NATO-speak as the ‘Enablement of SACEUR’s (Supreme Allied Commander Europe) Area of Responsibility’. DEFENDER will involve a number of real pilots to evaluate, validate and demonstrate how and to what extent the DEFENDER framework will enable an effective holistic cyber-physical security ... IEEE ICMEW Virtual Workshop July 6, 2020; Subscribe. The broader political and military impact of the pandemic will be the subject of significant study and various efforts to learn lessons are already underway. DEFENDER-Europe 20 was designed as a deployment exercise to build strategic readiness in support of the U.S. National Defense Strategy and NATO deterrence objectives. Another important objective of exercises like Defender-Europe 20 is to demonstrate that NATO can bring its extensive military capability to bear when and where required, while raising our citizens’ awareness of how important it is for their military forces to train at this scale to deter and defend against aggression. Designed like no other. All Rights Reserved. © Union of Concerned Scientists, German port facilities at Bremerhaven support the deployment of US forces during Exercise Defender-Europe 20. Allies’ ability to move their forces rapidly will be decisive in determining NATO’s speed of response. © NATO, At the Brussels Summit in July 2018, Allies committed to “strengthening our ability to deploy and sustain our forces and their equipment, throughout the Alliance and beyond, and aim to improve military mobility by land, air, or sea, as soon as possible, but no later than 2024. Exercising the largest deployment in decades of US and Allied forces, Defender-Europe 20 is demonstrating the durability of the trans-Atlantic bond, but also incentivising NATO Allies to regenerate institutional knowledge, supported by robust logistic capacity. Despite its adaptation, the exercise continues and is providing the United States, its Allies and NATO many valuable lessons on the movement of forces and equipment across the Atlantic and within Europe. We must also ensure access to all necessary transport capabilities and infrastructure – including those in civilian and commercial hands – to enable unimpeded movement of forces by air, sea, road and rail. Demonstrating the ability to move Allied forces into and across Europe at speed, and sustain them, was an important part of the exercise. They also adopted a "Commitment to enhance resilience", agreeing to fulfil seven baseline requirements for national resilience, including: Assured continuity of government and critical government services, including the ability to make decisions, communicate and enforce them in a crisis; Resilient energy supply, including the diversification of import routes, suppliers and energy resources, and the interconnectivity of energy networks; Coping with the uncontrolled movement of large numbers of people; Although not all of these are being tested, Defender-Europe 20 is an excellent vehicle to develop the civil-military interface and to connect civil preparedness through resilience with the ability to provide effective and robust host nation support. It is clear that there can be no civil – or military – preparedness without effective cooperation with the private sector and that it is imperative for NATO and Allies to ensure the necessary arrangements are in place. Exercises are among the most, important indicators of military seriousness, , as even minor details of military operations are vital to their success, including logistical details. They have also affected Department of Defense presidential. If any serious misstep occurs along the way, the frontline inevitably suffers. Defender-Europe 20 and six other linked exercises in April and May will see the largest deployment of U.S.-based forces to Europe for an exercise in the more than 25 years. This requires a whole-of-government approach, including through national plans, with cross-government cooperation of civil and military actors, in peacetime, in crisis, and in conflict.”. Lukas Milevski is a Baltic Sea Fellow in the Eurasia Program at FPRI. The essence of flexibility is in the mind of the commander; the substance of flexibility is in logistics. Cold War exercises, such as the REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) series, were designed to get a force into one country, with NATO being postured to defend a well-known location against a well-known adversary. What is published in NATO Review does not necessarily represent the official position or policy of member governments, or of NATO. The national governments were responsible for maintaining such infrastructure, supported by sufficient civil resources. In 1988, 125,000 personnel deployed across the Atlantic within ten days under “REFORGER” (Return of Forces to Germany), the US commitment to reinforce in-place forces rapidly and robustly should the need arise. In many countries, younger generations are not familiar with events of this scale or the characteristics of ‘normal’ life in the shadow of the Cold War. NATO member countries pool resources to charter special aircraft to transport troops, equipment and supplies across the globe. © Spri.eus. Lithuania had begun. The basis of this dilemma is that deterrence is non-linear and that the would-be deterree — Russia — must first recognize that what NATO is doing is actually deterrence. Allies agreed to ensure that the necessary legislation, processes and procedures to facilitate rapid movement of personnel and equipment, including diplomatic clearances, are in place and fully implemented. Exercises help develop this understanding. In the event of a crisis, initial elements of NATO’s high readiness forces are ready to deploy to support an Ally, within hours, with a reinforcement force following closely at their heels. Almost 37,000 soldiers and officers from 18 countries were expected to take part, with about 20,000 of them from the United States alone. Its purpose was both to practice and demonstrate the US Army’s ability rapidly to deploy an entire division — not just from the continental United States to Europe through Dutch ports, but also further across Europe to Poland and the Baltic countries. United States Army Europe and Africa official homepage. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Although Defender-Europe 20 was constrained due to precautionary measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, it has still provided Allies with a great opportunity to test their ability to receive and support large numbers of troops and equipment, including heavy armour (such as tanks, armoured personnel carriers and heavy military engineering equipment) and to move them through their territories. The drills will be conducted in ten countries, but primarily in Germany and Poland, according to the press service of the United States European Command (EUCOM). Throughout NATO’s history, Allies have devoted a lot of attention to civil preparedness, which is a requirement set out in Article 3 of NATO’s founding treaty. U.S. Army Europe and Africa trains and leads the U.S. Army Forces in the European and African theater in support of U.S. European Command, U.S. African Command and the Department of the Army. It is the largest deployment of U.S.-based forces to Europe in more than 25 years with 20,000 soldiers deployed directly from the U.S. to Europe.” of local infrastructure. Whatever the long-term impact of the coronavirus, the Allies remain committed to improving their resilience through civil preparedness so that they are able to recover from strategic shocks and surprise, while maintaining the ability to continue to support NATO’s deterrence and defence posture. Gareth Thomas, Peter Williams and Yanitsa Dyakova work on Resilience, Enablement and Logistics in NATO’s Defence Policy and Planning Division. This best practice will also help Allies to prepare to receive and support NATO forces of larger scales. many) annually between 1967 and 1993 for constant and consistent practice, which ensured that the US Army understood how to deploy reinforcements smoothly from the continental United States to Europe in case of a Soviet invasion. The countries elected to be the theater of the activities are those closest to the Russian border, causing great reactions in Russian media and their military forces. 2020. reveal that Defender Europe-20 would have been directed by the Department of the Army and led by US Army Europe (USAREUR). Furthermore, it calls for a coordinated whole-of-government approach, not only in a crisis but also in peacetime, to support training, exercises and for general preparedness and readiness to defend our combined territories. “Defender 2020,” the largest NATO exercise in Europe for 25 years, has gotten under way in recent weeks. Defender-Europe 2020 is the deployment of a division-size combat-credible force from the United States to Europe. The exercises will involve more than 37,000 participants, including 20,000 troops from the continental U.S. as well as 9,000 U.S. service members based in Europe. The December 2018 resignation of Secretary of Defense Gen. James Mattis, often characterized as the only adult in the room, has also increased concern about potential future Trump defense policies.
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